  CPU Design HOW-TO
  Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan) alavoor@yahoo.com
  v11.0, 26 Feb 2001
  |:ˌ  setzer@mx3.tiki.ne.jp  JF Project
  |:2001N 5 31

  CPU ̓Rs[^ "]" łARs[^VXeɐΕs
  \iłB܂ALinux  UNIX ƂIy[eBOVXeƔ
  ɖڂȊ֌W܂B́̕AĉƁAwĒЂ
  CPU ݌vJÂɖ𗧂܂BRs[^TCGXvZ
  @Hwwłwɂ𗧂ł傤B̕ɂ́ARs[^
  ǂ̂悤ɐ݌vꐻĂ̂ŵɖ𗧂 URL 
  N܂܂Ă܂BƋ߂ɂ GNU/GPL CZX
  Â CPU oꂵA Linux  UNIX, Microsoft Windows, Apple Mach-
  intosh, BeOS Ȃǂ OS gƂł邱Ƃł傤!
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ڎ

  1. 
  2. IP Ƃ͉ ?
     2.1 t[ CPU ̈ꗗ
     2.2 p CPU ̈ꗗ

  3. CPU Museum  Silicon Zoo
     3.1 CPU Museum
     3.2 gWX^͂ǂ̂悤ɓ삷邩
     3.3 gWX^͂ǂ̂悤ɏ̂
     3.4 2ȉ\
     3.5 ̂Ƃ͉ ?
        3.5.1 gWX^̕
        3.5.2 쒆̃gWX^
        3.5.3 gWX^̏Ռ

  4. CPU ̐݌vƃA[LeN`
     4.1 CPU ̐݌v
     4.2 CPU A[LeN`ɊւIC̉
     4.3 CPU A[LeN`Ɋւw̍u`֘Ȁ
     4.4 CPU A[LeN`
     4.5 CPU ݌vɊւ Usenet j[XO[v

  5. CPU ̍\Ɛ
     5.1 t@EhrWlX͍A\h̎sł!!
     5.2 CPU ̑gݗ

  6. X[p[Rs[^̃A[LeN`
     6.1 ȃA[LeN`̎
     6.2 SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V
     6.3 SIMD(Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V
     6.4 MISD(Multiple Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V
     6.5 MIMD(Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V
        6.5.1 LVXe (Shared Memory systems)
        6.5.2 UVXe (Distributed Memory systems)
     6.6 UVXe
     6.7 ccNUMA }V

  7. j[lbg[NvZbT
  8. ֘A URL
  9. ̃hLg̑tH[}bĝ
  10. Copyright
  11. {ɂ

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  

  ̕ł CPU ̐݌vƍ\ɂĂ URL ̕₷ꗗЉ
  Ă܂B̏g΁AwAƁAwANƉƂALinux 
  UNIX 𑖂点鎖̂łV CPU 邱Ƃ\łB

  ̂̓`bvx_[B͓ IP ̊J҂łAEDA c[̊J҂
  ܂Bŋ߂ł͂ꂼ̕ɓ̉Ђ܂B
  ͈ȉ̂悤Ȃ̂łBgA\ (FAB) Ǝ (TSMC
  <http://www.tsmc.com>)A IP (ARM  <http://www.arm.com>, MIPS
  <http://www.mips.com>, Gray Research LLC
  <http://cnets.sourceforge.net/grllc.html> )A ăc[ (EDA) x
  _ (Mentor  <http://www.mentor.com>, Cadence  <http://www.cadence.com>
  Ȃ)AāA𑍍 (Intel)BȂ IP An[h
  EFAƂ` (Intel ) w邱ƂAc[Ƃ` (EDA
  x_)w邱Ƃł܂AIP ̂̂Pi (IP Ƃ)
  w邱Ƃł܂B

  FPGA x_[̃TCg (Xilinx  <http://www.xilinx.com>A Altera
  <http://www.altera.com>)ĂBɂ͓Ǝ̃rWlXf
  p@܂B

  VA Linux systems  <http://www.valinux.com>͊SȃVXe\zĂ
  A炭 Linux ̂߂ CPU ݌vł傤B

  ȉ CPU ݌vɊւTCgĂB

  o  FPGA CPU Links  <http://www.fpgacpu.org/links.html>

  o  FPGA Main site  <http://www.fpgacpu.org>

  o  OpenRISC 1000 - ƐI ARM  MIPS ɑ΍Rt[ŃI[v\
     [X 32-bit RISC vZbT IP RA <http://www.opencores.org>

  o  Open IP org  <http://www.openip.org>

  o  Free IP org - O ASIC  FPGA RA  <http://www.free-
     ip.com>

     (:FPGA...Field Programmable Gate Array ̗BvO\ȃv
     ZbT̎BASIC...Application Specific Integrated Circuit ̗B
     ̗prׂ̈ɐ݌vꂽp̃JX^ IC ̎B)

  2.  IP Ƃ͉ ?

  IP Ƃ͉ł傤?  IP Ƃ Intellectual Property(mIY) ̗
  B{̏ꍇA̓Iɂ ASIC  FPGA 鎞Ɏgʂ̃
  WbNƂmIY (IP)̎łB "IP RA" ̗ƂĂ UART,
  CPU, Ethernet Rg[, PCI C^tF[XȂǂ̂̂܂B
  ÓA̗̎ǎ IP RA 5,000h350,000hȏシ邱Ƃ
  ܂Bʂ̊ƂlɂƂāAgpl邱ƂȂق
  @OȂ̂łBŁAFree-IP vWFNgłB

  Free-IP vWFNg͂܂ CPU  Ethernet Rg[̂悤Ȃ蕡
  GȃRAɒڂ܂BrIGłȂRAɑm܂B

  Free-IP vWFNgƂ́ANłp\ȗǎ IP RA낤Ƃ
  w͂Ȃ̂łB IP RA ɊւTCgKĂ݂ĂB

  o  Open IP org  <http://www.openip.org>

  o  Free IP org - O ASIC  FPGA RA  <http://www.free-
     ip.com>

  o  FPGA Main site  <http://www.fpgacpu.org>

  2.1.  t[ CPU ̈ꗗ

  łɗp\A邢͌݊J̃t[ CPU ꗗŏЉ܂B

  o  F-CPU 64-bit Freedom CPU  <http://www.f-cpu.org> ~[TCg -
     <http://www.f-cpu.de>

  o  European Space Agency - SPARC A[LeN` LEON CPU
     <http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/leon>

  o  European Space Agency - ERC32 SPARC V7 CPU
     <http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/erc32>

  o  Atmel ERC32 SPARC part # TSC695E  <http://www.atmel-
     wm.com/products> Aerospace=>Space=>Processors ̏ɃNbNĂ
     B

  o  Sayuri 
     <http://www.morphyplanning.co.jp/Products/FreeCPU/freecpu-e.html>
     Morphy Planning Ltd  <http://www.morphyone.org> ɂčĂ
     ܂B@\Xg
     <http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aj93/waggy/hp/features/morphyone.htm>
     {̃y[W  <http://www.morphyplanning.or.jp> ɂ܂B

  o  OpenRISC 1000 - ƐI ARM  MIPS ɑ΍Rt[ŃI[v\
     [X 32-bit RISC vZbT IP RA  <http://www.opencores.org>

  o  OpenRISC 2000   <http://www.opencores.org>

  o  STM 32-bit, oX[p[XJ RISC CPU  <http://www.asahi-
     net.or.jp/~uf8e-itu>

  o  Green Mountain - GM HC11 CPU Core 
     <http://www.gmvhdl.com/hc11core.html>

  o  Open-source CPU site - Google ̃I[v\[X CPU TCg
     "Computers>Hardware>Open Source"
     <http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Hardware/Open_Source>

  o  Verilog  VHDL ŋLqꂽt[̃}CNvZbT[ DSP (f
     W^M) ̃RA <http://www.cmosexod.com>

  o  Jxt[̃n[hEFARA
     <http://www.scrap.de/html/opencore.htm>

  o  Linux ̃I[vn[hEFAƃt[ EDA VXe
     <http://opencollector.org>

  2.2.  p CPU ̈ꗗ

  o  VA E2K 64-bit CPU (ɍ CPU ł!!!)  EFuTCg :
     <http://www.elbrus.ru/roadmap/e2k.html>.  ELBRUS ͕ăTE}CN
     VXeYƒgĂ܂B

  o  ؍ Samsung DEC AlphaN[ 64-bit CPU
     <http://www.samsungsemi.com> Alpha-64bit CPU   <http://www.alpha-
     processor.com>  Alpha CPU ɂ Samsung  Compaq ł̋
     ܂B
  o  Intel IA 64  <http://developer.intel.com/design/ia-64>

  o  Transmeta crusoe CPU Ǝ Transmeta 64-bit CPU -->
     <http://www.transmeta.com>

  o  Sun Ultra-sparc 64-bit CPU <http://www.sun.com> or
     <http://www.sunmicrosystems.com>

  o  MIPS RISC CPUs  <http://www.mips.com>

  o  Silicon Graphics MIPS Architecture CPUs
     <http://www.sgi.com/processors>

  o  IBM Power PC (motorola)
     <http://www.motorola.com/SPS/PowerPC/index.html>

  o  Motorola ̑gݍ݃vZbT PowerPC, M-CORE, ColdFire, M68k, 
     M68HC RAx[X SPS vZbT  <http://www.mot-sps.com>

  o  Hitachi SuperH 64-bit RISC processor SH7750
     <http://www.hitachi.com>  10,000bg 1CPU 40hŔ̔
     Ă܂B Hitachi SH4,3,2,1 CPU
     <http://semiconductor.hitachi.com/superh>

  o  Fujitsu 64-bit processor  <http://www.fujitsu.com>

  o  HAL-Fujitsu (California) Super-Sparc 64-bit processor
     <http://www.hal.com> T SPARC A[LeN`݊łB

  o  Seimens Pyramid CPU from Pyramid Technologies

  o  Intel X86 series 32-bit CPUs Pentiums, Celeron etc..

  o  AMDs X86 series 32-bit CPUs K-6, Athlon etc..

  o  National's Cyrix X86 V[Y 32-bit CPU Cyrix Ȃ

  o  ARC CPUs :  <http://www.arccores.com>

  o  QED RISC 64-bit and MIPS cpus :  <http://www.qedinc.com/about.htm>

  o  Origin 2000 CPU -
     <http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/manuals/3000/007-3511-001/html/O2000Tuning.1.html>

  o  NVAX CPU
     <http://www.research.compaq.com/wrl/DECarchives/DTJ/DTJ700> and at
     mirror-site <http://www.digital.com/info/DTJ700>

  o  Univ. of Mich High-perf. GaAs(KEf) Microprocessor Project
     <http://www.eecs.umich.edu/UMichMP>

  o  Hyperstone E1-32 RISC/DSP processor
     <http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech/hyperstone>

  o  PSC1000 32-bit RISC processor
     <http://www.ptsc.com/psc1000/index.html>

  o  IDT R/RV4640 and R/RV4650 64-bit CPU w/DSP Capability
     <http://www.idt.com/products/pages/Processors-
     PL100_Sub205_Dev128.html>

  o  ARM CPU  <http://www.arm.com/Documentation>

  o  Cogent CPUs  <http://www.cogcomp.com>

  o  CPU Info center - SPARC  ARM Ȃǂ CPU ̈ꗗ
     <http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech>

  o  v CPU TCg : Google GW CPU TCg猩
     Ƃł܂B"Computers>Hardware>Components>Microprocessors"
     <http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Hardware/Components/Microprocessors>

  ̂ق̏dv CPU TCg -

  o  CPU Ɋւ鐢Ẽj[X
     <http://www.newsnow.co.uk/cgi/NewsNow/NewsLink.htm?Theme=Processors>

  o  Rs[^A[LeN`̃TCg
     <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www>

  o  ARM CPU  <http://www.arm.com/Documentation>

  o  Great CPUs  <http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~bayko/cpu.html>

  o  Microdesign resources  <http://www.mdronline.com>

  3.  CPU Museum  Silicon Zoo

  ̏͂ł CPU eNmW̊{̊{舵܂BłɋZpI
  obNOEhłΓǂݔ΂Ēč\܂B

  3.1.  CPU Museum

  CPU Museum 

  o  Intel CPU Museum  <http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum>

  o  Intel - }CNvZbT̗j
     <http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv>

  o  Virtual Museum of Computing
     <http://www.museums.reading.ac.uk/vmoc>

  o  Silicon Zoo  <http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/index.html>

  o  Intel - vZbT͂ǂē̂
     <http://www.intel.com/education/mpuworks>

  o  Simple course in Microprocessors
     <http://www.hkrmicro.com/course/micro.html>

  3.2.  gWX^͂ǂ̂悤ɓ삷邩

  }CNvZbT͎Bg TV ⎩ԁAWIAƒp@A
  ĂRs[^Ȃǂ̑̐iɂƂČȂ̂ƂȂ
  ܂B}CNvZbT͎ɃgWX^ō\Ă܂B
  {IȃxɂẮAgWX^͒PɌ邩m܂B
  ȂAgWX^̊Jɂ͎ۉNɂ킽ȖȒKv
  łBgWX^̓oȑÓARs[^͏̂ɁAx
  Ė𗧂̐^ǂƋ@BIȃXCb`(:[)ɗĂ܂B
  1958 NɋZpҒB (̂̈l Intel ̑nݎ҂ Robert Noyce 
   ) ̃VRɓ̃gWX^̂鎖ɐA
  Ƀ}CNvZbTւƓAŏ̏WωH܂B

  gWX^͏^̓dqXCb`łARs[^̓]ł}CN
  vZbT̊{vfłBʂ̓d̃XCb`Ɠ悤ɁAg
  WX^ ON  OFF ̓̍쓮ʒuĂ܂BgWX^́A
   ON/OFF Ȃ킿 2lƂ@\ɂăRs[^͏
  鎖ł܂B

  dqXCb`̓쌴

  Rs[^łB̏́AON  OFF ̓dCMłB
  gWX^𗝉ׂɂ́AdqXCb`H̓쌴mKv
  ܂BdqXCb`H͂̕ō\Ă܂B̂
  ́Adʂ蓹ł - \Iȗ͓dłB̓X
  Cb`AȂ킿d~߂藬肷鑕uŁA͉H̒ʂ蓹
  Ȃ؂藣肵čsȂ܂BgWX^͋@BI암
  AdCM ON/OFF ̐ؑւsȂł܂BgWX^
  ON/OFF ؑւɂă}CNvZbT͎dȂĂ̂łB

  3.3.  gWX^͂ǂ̂悤ɏ̂

  gWX^̗lɂ̏ԂȂ́A2iłƂ
  ܂B 1 gWX^ ON Ԃ\A0  OFF Ԃ\܂B
  ̃gWX^ɂč 1  0 ̓̏ԂƑgŕ␔
  AFĉ摜Ȃǂ\ł܂B́A2i\L@ƂĒm
  Ă܂B

  3.4.  2ȉ\

   Ȃ̖O2iŒԂĂ݂܂傤

  At@xbg̕ɂ͂ꂼΉ2i܂Bȉ JOHN
  ƂOƁAɑΉ2i܂B

  ______________________________________________________________________
          J  0100 1010
          O  0100 1111
          H  0100 1000
          N  0100 1110
  ______________________________________________________________________

  蕡GȁA摜I[fBIArfI̗lȏ 2iAȂ킿g
  WX^ ON/OFF gĕ\Ƃł܂By[WXN[
  ĉ̃At@xbg2ȋΉ\ĂB

                    2i             2i
                ________________________________________________________
                   A     0100 0001       N     0100 1110
                   B     0100 0010       O     0100 1111
                   C     0100 0011       P     0101 0000
                   D     0100 0100       Q     0101 0001
                   E     0100 0101       R     0101 0010
                   F     0100 0110       S     0101 0011
                   G     0100 0111       T     0101 0100
                   H     0100 1000       U     0101 0101
                   I     0100 1001       V     0101 0110
                   J     0100 1010       W     0101 0111
                   K     0100 1011       X     0101 1000
                   L     0100 1100       Y     0101 1001
                   M     0100 1101       Z     0101 1010

                       At@xbg - 2iΉ\

  3.5.  ̂Ƃ͉ ?

  ̂Ɛ≏

  قƂǂ̋͂߁AdCʂ͂񂠂܂B͓
  ƂĒmĂ܂BdCʂȂ͐≏̂ƌĂ΂܂B啔
  gWX^̃x[Xfނł鏃ȃVR͔̂ƍl܂B
  Ȃ΁AsY邱Ƃœdω邱Ƃł邩
  B (:̂ƌĂ΂闝Rł͂ł͂Ȃ悤ȋC܂B)

  3.5.1.  gWX^̕

  ̂ƓdC̗

  ̕sgWX^̃VRɓYƁAωē
  dサ܂BzEfsYVR p `VRƌĂ
  ܂B - p ͐ (positive) Ȃ킿AdqsĂƂӖ
  B (: ̓dׁAȂ킿dquE(positive hole)v
  Ƃ܂B) sYVR n `VRƌĂ΂
  B - n ͕ (negative) Ȃ킿A̎RdqĂƂ
  łB

  3.5.2.  쒆̃gWX^

  쒆̃gWX^ - gWX^ ON/OFF 

  gWX^ɂ͑̃^Cv܂Ał͗ƂĔ̂̏W
  Hɂ悭gĂ n `l MOS FET(nMOSFET) ɂĉ
  B MOS Ƃ Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor ̗ŁA<> - <_ (
  ̏ꍇ SiO2 Ő≏疌` )> - <> ThCb`\ (MOS
  \ )ĂAƂӖłB MOSFET ł̓Q[g[q MOS \
  ƂȂĂ܂BȌA nMOSFET ̂ƂPɁugWX^vƕ\L
  ܂B

  ̃gWX^͉}̂悤ȍ\ĂA\[X(S)AQ[g(G)Ah
  C(D) Ƃ3̒[qĂ܂B

    S     G     D
         ###
        =====
  -----------------
  | n+ |@@@@@| n+ |
  |____|     |____|
       p+ area
  -----------------
  n+ : dqx̍
  p+ : Ex̍
  == : _≏疌
  ## : d
  @@ : d̒ʂ蓹

  ̃^CṽgWX^ł́A\[XƃhC͕ɑѓdĂāA p
  `VR̐ɑѓdڂ݂ɂ̂Ă܂BQ[gɐd
  ƁAp `VR̒̓dqQ[g̗̉̈Ɉt\[Xƃh
  C̊Ԃɓdq̒ʂ蓹܂BhCɐdƁAdq̓\
  [XhCɌĈ܂B̏Ԃɂ鎞AgWX
  ^ ON łBQ[gɉĂdȂȂƁA\[XƃhC
  Ԃ̗̈ɓdqtȂȂ܂Bdq̒ʂ蓹͕Ag
  WX^ OFF ƂȂ܂B

  3.5.3.  gWX^̏Ռ

  gWX^̏Ռ - }CNvZbTǂقǎB̐ɉe
  邩
  gWX^2i@\̂Ń}CNvZbT́APȂ郏[v
  rfIҏW܂ŁA̎dȂł܂B}CNvZbT
  ́A1̃`bv 1bԂ艽Ƃ߂gWX^sA
  ƂƂ܂Ői܂BԁAË@AerARs[^
  ăXy[XVgł}CNvZbTgĂ܂B͑S
  āAgWX^ɂĉ\ƂȂ2i̗ɗĂ܂B

  4.  CPU ̐݌vƃA[LeN`

  4.1.  CPU ̐݌v

  CPU ݌vɊւłB̃NKĂ݂ĂB

  o  Hamburg University VHDL archive  <http://tech-www.informatik.uni-
     hamburg.de/vhdl>

  o  Kachina Design tools  <http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/Z/1/index.shtml>

  o  List of FPGA-based Computing Machines
     <http://www.io.com/~guccione/HW_list.html>

  o  SPARC International  <http://www.sparc.com>

  o  Design your own processor  <http://www.spacetimepro.com>

  o  Teaching Computer Design with FPGAs  <http://www.fpgacpu.org>

  o  Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
     <http://www.computer.org/tab/tcca>

  o  Frequently Asked Questions FAQ on VHDL
     <http://www.vhdl.org/vi/comp.lang.vhdl> ܂
     <http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl>

  o  Comp arch FAQ  <http://www.esacademy.com/automation/faq.htm>

  o  Comp arch FAQ  <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-
     hierarchy/comp/arch>

  o  VME Bus FAQ  <http://www.hitex.com/automation/FAQ/vmefaq>

  o  Homepage of SPEC
     <http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/spec.html>

  o  Linux benchmarks  <http://www.silkroad.com/linux-bm.html>

  4.2.  CPU A[LeN`ɊւIC̉

  o  Online HTML book
     <http://odin.ee.uwa.edu.au/~morris/CA406/CA_ToC.html>

  o  Univ of Texas Comp arch :
     <http://www.cs.panam.edu/~meng/Course/CS4335/Notes/master/master.html>

  o  Number systems and Logic circuits :
     <http://www.tpub.com/neets/book13/index.htm>

  o  Digital Logic:  <http://www.play-hookey.com/digital>

  o  FlipFlops:
     <http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~cjackson/FlipFlops/web_pages/Publish/FlipFlops.html>

  o  Instruction Execution cycle:  <http://cq-
     pan.cqu.edu.au/students/timp1/exec.html>

  o  Truth Table constructor:
     <http://pirate.shu.edu/~borowsbr/Truth/Truth.html>

  o  Overview of Shared Memory:
     <http://www.sics.se/cna/mp_overview.html>

  o  Simulaneous Multi-threading in processors :
     <http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/smt>

  o  Study Web :  <http://www.studyweb.com/links/277.html>

  o  Univ notes:
     <http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~linder/Courses/EE4713/notes>

  o  Advice: An Adaptable and Extensible Distributed Virtual Memory
     Architecture  <http://www.gsyc.inf.uc3m.es/~nemo/export/adv-
     pdcs96/adv-pdcs96.html>

  o  Univ of Utah Avalanche Scalable Parallel Processor Project
     <http://www.cs.utah.edu/avalanche/avalanche-publications.html>

  o  Distributed computing :
     <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/4015/pdcindex.html>

  o  Pisma Memory architecture:
     <http://aiolos.cti.gr/en/pisma/pisma.html>

  o  Shared Mem Arch:  <http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Exemplar/ARPA>

  o  Textbooks on Comp Arch:
     <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html#book>
      VLSI ݌v  <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html>

  o  Comp Arch Conference and Journals
     <http://www.handshake.de/user/kroening/conferences.html>

  o  WWW Comp arch page  <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www>

  4.3.  CPU A[LeN`Ɋւw̍u`֘Ȁ

  o  Advanced Computer Architecture
     <http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/dahlin/Classes/GradArch>

  o  Computer architecture - Course level 415
     <http://www.diku.dk/teaching/2000f/f00.415>

  o  MIT:  <http://www.csg.lcs.mit.edu/6.823>

  o  UBC CPU slides :
     <http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/neufeld/courses/cs218/chapter8/index.htm>

  o  Purdue Univ slides:
     <http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~gba/ee565/Sessions/S03HTML/index.htm>

  o  Rutgers Univ - Principles of Comp Arch :
     <http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~murdocca/POCA/Chapter02.html>

  o  Brown Univ -
     <http://www.engin.brown.edu/faculty/daniels/DDZO/cmparc.html>

  o  Univ of Sydney - Intro Digital Systems :
     <http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3>

  o  Bournemouth Univ, UK Principles of Computer Systems :
     <http://ncca.bournemouth.ac.uk/CourseInfo/BAVisAn/Year1/CompSys>

  o  Parallel Virtual machine:
     <http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/book/node1.html>

  o  univ center:  <http://www.eecs.lehigh.edu/~mschulte/ece401-99>

  o  univ course:  <http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/fussell/cs352>

  o  Examples of working VLSI circuits(in Greek)
     <http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/projects/vlsi>

  4.4.  CPU A[LeN`

  CPU A[LeN`ɊւłBȉ̃NKĂ݂Ă
  B

  o  Comp architecture:
     <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html> 
     VLSI ݌v  <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html>

  o  Beyond RISC - The Post-RISC Architecture
     <http://www.cps.msu.edu/~crs/cps920>

  o  Beyond RISC - PostRISC :
     <http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~e106170/postrisc.html>

  o  List of CPUS
     <http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/cl.contents2.html>

  o  PowerPC Arch
     <http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.10/10.08/PowerPcArchitecture>

  o  CPU Info center - List of CPUs sparc, arm etc..
     <http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech>

  o  cpu arch intel IA 64  <http://developer.intel.com/design/ia-64>

  o  Intel 386 CPU architecture
     <http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/ug/asm/about-386.html>

  o  Freedom CPU architecture  <http://f-
     cpu.tux.org/original/Freedom.php3>

  o  Z80 CPU architecture
     <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Peaks/3938/z80arki.htm>

  o  CRIMSEN OS and teaching-aid CPU
     <http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~ian/project3/node1.html>

  o  Assembly Language concepts
     <http://www.cs.uaf.edu/~cs301/notes/Chapter1/node1.html>

  o  Alpha CPU architecture
     <http://www.linux3d.net/cpu/CPU/alpha/index.shtml>

  o  <http://hugsvr.kaist.ac.kr/~exit/cpu.html>

  o  Tron CPU architecture  <http://tronweb.super-
     nova.co.jp/tronvlsicpu.html>

  4.5.  CPU ݌vɊւ Usenet j[XO[v

  o  Newsgroup computer architecture  <news:comp.arch>

  o  Newsgroup FPGA  <news:comp.arch.fpga>

  o  Newsgroup Arithmetic  <news:comp.arch.arithmetic>

  o  Newsgroup Bus  <news:comp.arch.bus>

  o  Newsgroup VME Bus  <news:comp.arch.vmebus>

  o  Newsgroup embedded  <news:comp.arch.embedded>

  o  Newsgroup embedded piclist  <news:comp.arch.embedded.piclist>

  o  Newsgroup storage  <news:comp.arch.storage>

  o  Newsgroup VHDL  <news:comp.lang.vhdl>

  o  Newsgroup Computer Benchmarks  <news:comp.benchmarks>

  5.  CPU ̍\Ɛ

  ݌vƃeXg玟͑ʐYAƂȂ̉Ђ͍l邩
  m܂BȂ̗v]ɁA͂̂킸ȉiŉ
  "̃t@Eh()"Eɂ񂠂܂BAJ
  OhCcACMXA{ApA؍ĒɂЂ
  ܂B

  TMSC (p )͐E "ő̓Ɨt@Eh" łBɒ΁A
  ʒ (100,000ȏ )ƍłƂȂ܂B

  5.1.  t@EhrWlX͍A\h̎sł!!

  t@EhƂ̓Ctɑʂ̓ĂAShčH
  ĂĂ܂!  VRt@EhrWlX ݂ 70h
  2004N܂łɂ360h (414%!)ɐł傤B葽̓
  foCX(IDM)AЂŃVREGn̔\͂𑝋
  AÕ`bvЂɐYϑ铹IĂ܂BƗt@E
  h͌ݐE̔̂ 12%𐶎YĂ܂A2004N܂łɂ 2{ȏ
   26%̃VFAƂȂł傤BS鐢E "rbO 3"t@Eh
  -- Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC), United
  Microelectronics Corp. (UMC),  Chartered Semiconductor
  Manufacturing Ltd. Pte.łB3̊ƂŌ݂̃VRt@Eh
  Ŝ 69%̗vグA 2004N܂łɂ͂̃VFA 88%܂ŐL΂
  \zĂ܂B

  5.2.  CPU ̑gݗ

  EɉS̃t@Eh܂ (߂ďЉ܂ )B
  ̂̂ -

  o  Fabless Semiconductor Association  <http://www.fsa.org>

  o  TSMC (Taiwan Semi-conductor Manufacturing Co)
     <http://www.tsmc.com>, about co
     <http://www.tsmc.com/about/index.html>

  o  Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, Singapore
     <http://www.csminc.com>

  o  United Microelectronics Corp. (UMC)
     <http://www.umc.com/index.html>

  o  Advanced BGA Packing  <http://www.abpac.com>

  o  Amcor, Arizona  <http://www.amkor.com>

  o  Elume, USA  <http://www.elume.com>

  o  X-Fab, Gesellschaft zur Fertigung von Wafern mbH, Erfurt, Germany
     <http://www.xfab.com>

  o  IBM corporation, (Semi-conductor foundry div)  <http://www.ibm.com>

  o  National Semi-conductor Co, Santa Clara, USA
     <http://www.natioanl.com>

  o  Intel corporation (Semi-conductor foundries), USA
     <http://www.intel.com>

  o  Hitachi Semi-conductor Co, Japan  <http://www.hitachi.com>

  o  FUJITSU limited, Japan has Wafer-foundry-services
     <http://www.fujitsu.com/products/semiconductor/lsi>

  o  Mitsubhishi Semi-conductor Co, Japan

  o  Hyandai Semi-conductor, Korea  <http://www.hea.com>

  o  Samsumg Semi-conductor, Korea

  o  Atmel, France  <http://www.atmel-wm.com>

     A̐młAɋĂBXgɒ
     ܂B

  `bvt@Eḧꗗ

  o  Chip directory
     <http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/foundry.htm>

  o  Chip makers
     <http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/index.htm>

  o  IC manufacturers  <http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/c/a.htm>

  6.  X[p[Rs[^̃A[LeN`

  X[p[Rs[^̍\zɊւāAŋ߂̌ȌXƂĂ͂قƂǂ
  VVXe͓e[}ɊÂďω̂ƂȂĂ
  BȂ킿Albg[NŌqꂽARISC x[X̑Ώ̃}`v
  ZbVO (Symmetric Multi-Processing :SMP)m[h̏ŴłB
  ́AA[LeN`̎RȐiƎvĂBvZbT (RISC)
  lbg[N@rIɏo悤ɂȂAWꂽʐM\tg
  EFAgÃvZbTȂň̉邱Ƃ\ɂȂ
  ŁA[J[񋟂銮VXegɁAƐNX^
  Rs[^\zP[XĂ܂B

  X[p[Rs[^Ɋւȉ̃TCgKĂ݂Ă -

  o  Top 500 super computers  <http://www.top500.org/ORSC/2000>

  o  National Computing Facilities Foundation
     <http://www.nwo.nl/ncf/indexeng.htm>

  o  Linux Super Computer Beowulf cluster
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Beowulf-HOWTO.html>

  o  Extreme machines - beowulf cluster  <http://www.xtreme-
     machines.com>

  o  System architecture description of the Hitachi SR2201
     <http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/comp/hpc/eng/sr1.html>

  o  Personal Parallel Supercomputers
     <http://www.checs.net/checs_98/papers/super>

  6.1.  ȃA[LeN`̎

  }V̂̂ɂĂ̘bn߂OɁA\グׂɌݎgA
  邢͐̂炸ƎgĂ邢̃JjYɂčl邱Ƃ
  dvłBVOvZbT̐\zăRs[^VXe
  ł̉\As\Ƃ̂́Ȃ啔n[hEFA̍\邢
  ̓A[LeN`Ō܂Ă܂܂Bn[hEFAƂ̑gł
  ldvȓ_́Apӂꂽn[hEFAvbgtH[ɂď
  ̗ǂR[h𐶐邽߂̃RpC̔\͂łB̏ꍇɂ
  ăn[hEFAƃ\tgEFÂǂ炪eĂ̂ʂ̂
  łAʂn[hEFAA邢̓\tgEFAA܂̗͂
  ɂ̂Ȃ̂ƂʂŁǍʂ߂Ƃɂ͐TdɂȂ
  Ă͂Ȃ܂B̏͂ł "\" łƕނ}Vɂ
  Lq邽߃n[hEFAA[LeN`ɍłd_u܂B

  NɂnAut (Flynn)̕ށv\Rs[^𕪗ނ
  ɖ𗧂ƂؖĂ܂B́A (instruction)Xg[
  f[^Xg[̈̈Ⴂɂĕނ@ŁA4̎ȃA[L
  eN`̃NX܂B܂ÃNXɂĊȒPɊTvq
  ׁÂƂłꂼ̃NXɂďqׂƂɏڍׂɐG鎖Ƃ
  傤B

  6.2.  SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V

   CPU 𓋍ڂA̖߃Xg[悤ȋ
  ̃VXe͂̃NXɊ܂܂܂Bŋ߂ł͂̑^Ct
  [ CPU Ă邱Ƃ܂Aꂼꂪ݂ɖ֌W
  Ȗ߃Xg[sĂ܂B䂦Â悤ȃ}VقȂf
  [^Ԃœ삷 SISD(̏W܂) łƂ܂B SISD ̗ƂĂ
  DEC  Hewlett-Packard  Sun Microsystems ̂قƂǂ̃[NXe
  [V܂B SISD }V̒`͂ł͒PɂׂẴNX
  ԗ邽߂ɍsȂłB̃^Cṽ}VɂĂ͂̃|
  [gł͈܂B

  6.3.  SIMD(Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V

  ̂悤ȃ}V͂΂ 1,024 16,384ƂcȐ̏
  PʂA炪ꂼقȂf[^ɑ΂ČR̍sî悤ɓ
  ߂s邱Ƃ\ƂȂĂ܂BāA̖߂
  ̃f[^ɑ邱Ƃł܂B̃^Cvɕނ SIMD 
  ƂĂ CPP DAP Gamma II  Alenia Quadrics Ȃǂ܂B

  ̃^Cv SIMD VXe̓xNgvZbTłBxNgv
  ZbT͓ʂȍ\ CPU gāAƗf[^Qގf[^
  ̔zɑ΂Ĕ\͂𔭊܂BxNgjbgŃf[^
  Aʂ3NbNTCN 1܂ʂȏꍇɂ2̊ŏo
  ͂܂B (1NbNTCNƂ̓VXe̓Ԃ̊{Pʂ
  B) ܂AxNg[hŎsƂɌ xNgvZbT
  قڕɃf[^鎖ɂȂ܂B̏ꍇÃXJ[[h
  ŎŝɔׂĐ{ƂȂ܂B̂߁AxNgvZbT
  p̌ʂ́Aق SIMD }VƓƍl܂B̂悤ȃVXe
  ̗Ƃ΁AHitachi S3600 łB

  6.4.  MISD(Multiple Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V

  _Iɂ͂̂悤ȃ^Cṽ}Vł́A̖߂P̃f[^Xg
  [ɑ΂ē삷邱ƂɂȂ܂B̃NXɕނ}V͎
  ɂ͍܂ōꂽ͂ȂA܂ȒPɑzł̂łȂ̂ŁA
  ȍ~̕ł͂̃NX𖳎܂B

  6.5.  MIMD(Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V

  ̃}V͂̖߃Xg[قȂf[^ɑ΂ĕɎ
  s܂Bq̃}`vZbT SISD }VƂ̈Ⴂ́A̖߂╡
  ̃f[^A^XN̈قȂ镔ł邪̂ɂ݂Ɋ֌WĂ
  ƂłB MIMD VXe̓C^XN̏ԂZ
  k邽߂ɑ̃Tu^XNɎs鎖ł܂B MIMD ɂ
  ̃oG[VAɂ̃NXɂĂ Flynn ̕ނ̓V
  Xe̕ޖ@ƂēK؂łȂ܂BSقȂ铮`Ԃ4v
  ZbT NEC SX-5  1000vZbT SGI/Cray T3E Ƃ
  ̃NXɕނĂ܂܂B̂߁Ǎ̕ɂẮAVX
  e̕ނɂĂʂȁAdvȋʂĂĂ܂B

  6.5.1.  LVXe (Shared Memory systems)

  LVXeł́A CPU SēAhXԂL
  BSĂ CPU ΓɁA̃ɃANZX̂Ń[U
  f[^̊i[ꏊmKv܂BLVXe SIMD ł
  邱Ƃ MIMD ł邱Ƃ܂VO CPU ̃xNgvZb
  T͑O҂̗Ƃċ邱Ƃł܂B}` CPU LVX
  ẽ}V͌҂̗ƂȂ܂BA̓̃TuNXɂ
  SM-SIMD, SM-MIMD Ƃp邱Ƃɂ܂B

  6.5.2.  UVXe (Distributed Memory systems)

  ̃P[Xł́ACPU ͂ꂼɊ֘AÂꂽĂ܂B
   CPU lbg[NŐڑĂāAvɉĂꂼ̒S
  郁ԂŃf[^邱Ƃł܂BLVXeƂ͑Ώ
  IɁA[U̓[J̃f[^̈ʒumĂȂ΂Ȃ炸A
  ܂vɉĖIɃf[^̈ړ╪zsȂĂ͂Ȃ܂B
  UVXeɂASIMD, MIMD ̏ꍇ܂Bɐ
  ́AR̍sî悤ɓ삷 SIMD VXe͑SăvZbTɊ֘A
  ꂽUĂ܂Bŏqׂ悤ɁAU^ MIMD
  VXeɂ́AɑlȎނ̃lbg[Nڑ` (g|W) 
  ܂BAvP[V̈ڐAɊւĖ𗧂g|W̏ڍׂ͑啔
  [U猩Ȃ悤ɂȂĂ܂BA̓̃TuNXɂ
  DM-SIMD, DM-MIMD Ƃp邱Ƃɂ܂B

  L}VƕU}V̈Ⴂ͖ł悤Ɍ܂
  [U̎_ŌΕKƂ͂܂BႦ΋ߍ Kendall
  Square Research VXe̓n[hEFAxł "zL"Ƃ
  l̗pĂ܂BzL̓\tgEFAxłV~
  [g邱Ƃł܂BႦ΁A1993Nɔ\ꂽ High Performance
  Fortran(HPF)̎dl̓RpC̎w߂ɂāAf[^𗘗p\ȃv
  ZbTɕUƂ̂łB̂߁Ȁꍇ HPF ꂽ
  VXe̓[UɂƂċL}V̂悤Ɍ܂B HP(Heulett
  Packard) SGI/Cray ȂǑ̑K͕񏈗VXe (Massively Parallel
  Processing systems:MPP systems) ̃x_zLvO~O
  fT|[gĂ܂B΁AIɂ͕UVXe
  ĂAhXԂ̏WŜ̃AhXw肷邱Ƃł邩
  BāA[Û߂ɃVXe̓ŜɓnP̃O[o
  AhXԂĂ܂B̂悤ȃVXe̍\ɂĂ
  ccNUMA ̂ƂłGłBɁATreadMarks ̂
  ȃpbP[W̓[NXe[Ṽlbg[NɉzL
  炵܂B

  6.6.  UVXe

  Nœoꂵ̃gh͕UłB DM-MIMD 
  TOOîłBȂ킿A邢͕̔ɓ
  ̓ꂽvZbT̑ɁA[NXe[V⃁Ct[
  Ȃǂ (MKrbg) C[Tlbg FDDI₠邢͕ʂȕ@Őڑ
  vOœɍƂ悤ɂ̂łBRZvgƂĂ͂
   DM-MIMD ƕς肠܂񂪃vZbTԂ̒ʐM͂΂Ό͂
  ɒxȂ܂BURs[^鑽̃pbP[Wp\
  BႦ΁APVM(Parallel Virtual Machine) MPI(Message Passing
  Interface) ȂǂłB "bZ[WpbVO " fƌĂ΂邱̃v
  O~OX^C͑ώ󂯓悤ɂȂAPVM  MPI 
  ׂĂ̕U MIMD VXȇx_[ɍ̗p悤ɂȂ
  BL MIMD VXẽx_[A݊ƂR
  ̗p悤ɂȂ܂BɁAŋ߂̌XƂĂ͍\pC
  ^[tFCX(HiPPI)`lƂ100MB/s NX̍ʐMgāA
  ɍvZ\͂VXe𓾂NX^LVXeƂ
  ̂܂BƂẮANEC SX-5  SGI/Cray SV1 ̍\̗p
  Ă܂BȂ킿ANX^Ԃ̒ʐMɂ̓bZ[WpbVOgȂ
  Am[h̏ŴɂċL̃vO~OX^Cg
  ̂łB

  6.7.  ccNUMA }V

  ̖̏͂`ŏqׂʂA⏭Ȃ (Ƃ16) RISC vZbT 
  ̃NX^ɖ́AȂ킿Ώ̃}`vZbVO
  (SMP) m[hVXe\z邱Ƃs̗lłBm[h̃v
  ZbT́AقƂǂ(PXe[WENXo[lbg[N
  )ڑĂ܂BNX^Ԃ͂ȃlbg[Nɂ
  ČqĂ܂B

  ́ASẴvZbTSẴAhXԂɃANZXłƂdv
  ȓ_΁AȃxNgvZbT̏ŴɂďqiɎ
  Ă܂BāÂ悤ȃVXe SM-MIMD }Vƍl邱Ƃ
  ܂Bł́AIɕUĂ̂ŁAf[^ANZX
  ɓɖƂۏ؂͂܂B䂦Â悤ȃ}V
   ccNUMA VXeƌĂ΂܂B Cache Coherent Non-Uniform
  Memory Access ̗łBLbVRq[g(Cache Coherent: -
  LbV̂܂Ă)Ƃt "gp邢Ȃϐ
  AׂĂ CPU ɂƂĈvĂȂ΂ȂȂ"Ƃ\
  ܂BĂ̓_ɂāA̕ϐ̌ɂȂLbV
  vĂ鎖młȂ΂Ȃ܂B CPU ̃LbV
  Rq[gł鎖mɂ邽߂ɂ͐FXȕ@܂B
  ́Asnoopy bus protocol ŁÃoXɂăLbV CPU ւ̕ϐ
  ̓]ĎAꂪLbVĂϐł΍XV܂B
  ̕@́AfBNgŁAׂ͂Ă̕ϐ̃Rs[Ƃ
  ĎAȕ̃łB

  pÃVXe SM-MIMD }Vłƕނł܂BSM-MIMD
  }Vɕމ\Ȃ̗R܂B́AIɂ
  UĂɂ炸A (Ⴆ΃fBNgȂǂ) ʂȕ
  n[hEFA\tgEFAAP̃VXeł悤Ȍ`
  ̂Ă܂łB

  7.  j[lbg[NvZbT

  j[lbg[N͐̐_olbg[NfɂĂ܂B
  ȂjIɂ̓j[lbg[N̕ɂCXs[
  V̌̑啔͍\́A邢́umIvƂĂǂ悤Ȑl
  ̔]ʏsȂĂ̂Ɏ\͂lHIȃVXe
  oƂ~]琶܂ĂA܂ɂĐlԂ̔]藝
  邱Ƃ\ł낤ƂƂ납琶܂Ă̂łB

  قƂǂ̃j[lbg[NVXe͂ "P"K
  AɂČPf[^ɊÂlbg[N̐ڑ_̏dݕt
  sȂ܂B (: ud݁vƂ͐_oזEɂVivX̐ڑx
  ɑWłB́ud݁vω邱Ƃ"_oזẺ"ł
  ]́uwKvvZXV~[gĂ܂B) ΁Aj[
  lbg[NVXePɂēX̎Ⴉ "wK"(q
  X́uv̎ƂɁuvƂ̂̔FwԂ悤)AP
  f[^zĈʉ\͂𔭊̂łB

  j[lbg[N͂ꂼ̉Z݂ɓƗŏ邽߁A
  񐫂ɂĔɍ\Ă܂BK͕񏈗ƍڑ
  j[lbg[N̓Ƃl܂B̂悤ȏ
  ł͂ƂΒPȐ`A(2̃jbgƃoCAX݂̂ŏ\
  ̃tB[htH[hlbg[N)̂悤ȃVvȃfj[
  lbg[N̒Ԃł͂Ȃƒ`Ă܂܂A̓j[
  lbg[N̓ȃP[XƂĈƕ֗Ȃ̂łB

  j[lbg[N̒`̂ȉɎ܂:

  o  DARPÃj[lbg[Nɂ: uj[lbg[N
     ͕ɉZsȂ̒PȉZfqō\ꂽVXeŁA
     ̋@\̓lbg[N̍\Aڑ̋Ađfqm[h̏
     Č܂Bv

  o  Haykinɂ: uj[lbg[N͑ʂ̕񕪎UvZbT
     ŁAoIȒm~ςp\ɂƂ{IȐĂ
     B܂A2̓_ɂāA]ƎĂBv

     o  wKvZXʂlbg[NɂmB

     o  uVivXd݁vƂĒmj[Ԃ̐ڑxmۑ
        gB

     j[lbg[N͐_oɍꂽɑ̒PȉZf
     qō\Ă܂Bꂼ̑fq͂ꂼ̏ɑ΂Ă̂݉
     Zs܂B̏Aꂼ̑fq̉Z͔񓯊ōsȂ
     BđŜ̃VXeNbN݂͑Ȃ̂łB

  o  Zuradaɂ: ulH̐_onA邢̓j[lbg[NƂ
     ̂́AoIm荞݁Ai[Apł悤Ȏ̂
     EnłBvƒ`Ă܂B

  j[lbg[NvZbTɂĂɏڂm肽ꍇ

  o  Omers Neural Network pointers
     <http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/User/O.F.Rana/neural.html>

  o  FAQ site  <ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/FAQ.html>

  o  Automation corp Neural Network Processor <http://www.accurate-
     automation.com/Products/NNP.HTM> hardware

  8.  ֘A URL

  ֘Aȉ̏ꏊKČĂB

  o  Color Vim editor  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html>

  o  Source code control system  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CVS-
     HOWTO.html>

  o  Linux goodies ̃CTCg <http://www.aldev.8m.com> ~[TCg
      webjump <http://aldev.webjump.com>, angelfire
     <http://www.angelfire.com/nv/aldev>, geocities
     <http://www.geocities.com/alavoor/index.html>, virtualave
     <http://aldev.virtualave.net>, bizland <http://aldev.bizland.com>,
     theglobe <http://members.theglobe.com/aldev/index.html>, spree
     <http://members.spree.com/technology/aldev>, infoseek
     <http://homepages.infoseek.com/~aldev1/index.html>, bcity
     <http://www3.bcity.com/aldev>, 50megs <http://aldev.50megs.com>,
     NBCi <http://members.nbci.com/alavoor>, Terrashare
     <http://aldev.terrashare.com>, Fortunecity
     <http://members.fortunecity.com/aldev>, Freewebsites
     <http://aldev.freewebsites.com>, Tripod
     <http://members.tripod.lycos.com/aldev>

  9.  ̃hLg̑tH[}bĝ

  ̃hLg 11ނ̈قȂtH[}bgJĂ܂B
  ́ADVI, Postscript, Latex, Adobe Acrobat PDF, GNU-info, HTML,
  RTF(b`eLXg`), vCeLXg, UNIX man y[W, ɂ܂
  ߂ HTML t@CA SGML łB

  o   HOWTO hLg()͈ȉ̃TCg HTML, DVI,
     Postscript, 邢 SGML tH[}bg tarball ̒Pt@CƂ
     ē\łB <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-
     formats/>   <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>

  o  vCeLXg`:
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> 
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>œ\łB

  o  P HTML t@C`:
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>ɂ܂B

  o  tXAhCcAXyCAA{̂悤ȑւ
     |󕶏 <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> 
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>œ\łBłB 
     ւ̖|Ă}܂B

     ̃hLg "SGML-Tools" ƌĂ΂c[gďĂ
     ܂B͂Ŏɓ܂B <http://www.sgmltools.org> \[X
     RpCƁAȉ̂悤ȃR}hgł܂B

  o  sgml2html CPU-Design-HOWTO.sgml     (to generate html file)

  o  sgml2rtf  CPU-Design-HOWTO.sgml     (to generate RTF file)

  o  sgml2latex CPU-Design-HOWTO.sgml    (to generate latex file)

  LaTeX  sgml2latex ( dvips) gĈȉ̗l Acrobat (
  <http://www.adobe.com>)  distill R}hʂďo͂APostscript
  o͂쐬邱ƂŊȒP PDF t@Cɕϊł܂B

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ man sgml2latex
  bash$ sgml2latex filename.sgml
  bash$ man dvips
  bash$ dvips -o filename.ps filename.dvi
  bash$ distill filename.ps
  bash$ man ghostscript
  bash$ man ps2pdf
  bash$ ps2pdf input.ps output.pdf
  bash$ acroread output.pdf &
  ______________________________________________________________________

  邢́AGhostscript  ps2pdf R}hgƂł܂B

   HOWTO hLg̏ꏊ

  o  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html> łB

  ȉ̃~[TCgłÃhLg܂B

  o  <http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html> Ȃ̋ߏ(lbg[
     NAhXƂ_ɂ)̃~[TCg͂Ō܂B

     TCgI /LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html ̃fBNgɐi
     łB

  ̃hLg dvi tH[}bgŌɂ́Axdvi vOg
  B xdvi vO Redhat Linux  tetex-xdvi*.rpm pbP[
  Wɂ܂B ControlPanel - Applications - Publishing - TeX
  menu buttons ɒuƂł܂B dvi hLgǂނɂ́Aȉ
  R}hsĂB

               xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
               man xdvi

  ̌A}EXŃEChETCYύXĂBEChEŕ
  ̉{ʒuړɂ͖L[, Page Up, Page Down L[gĂ
  B܂A'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' ̃L[gāA
  AASAy[WAOy[WȂǂɈړ邱Ƃł܂BGLXp
  [gj[ɂ 'x' ĂB postscript t@C
  ǂނɂ 'gv'(ghostview) ܂ 'ghostscript' vOg܂B
  ghostscript vO Redhat Linux  shostscript*.rpm pbP[W
  ɁA gv vO gv*.rpm pbP[Wɂ܂B ControlPanel
  - Applications - Graohics Menu buttons ɒuƂł܂B gv v
  O̕ ghostscript ͂邩Ƀ[Uth[łB
  ghostscript  gv  OS/2  Windows 95/NT Ȃǂ̑̃vbgtH[
  łp\łB̃hLg͂̃vbgtH[ł
  ߂܂B

  o  Windows 95  OS/2 ׂ̑Ă OS p ghostscript 
     <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost> ŎɓĂB

  To read postscript document give the command -

                       gv howto.ps
                       ghostscript howto.ps

  Netscape Navigator  Microsoft Internet explorer, Redhat Baron Web
  browser 邢͑ 10ނ̃EFuuEU HTML tH[}bĝ
  ǂނƂł܂B

  10.  Copyright

  Copyright policy is GNU/GPL as per LDP (Linux Documentation project).
  LDP is a GNU/GPL project.  Additional restrictions are - you must
  retain the author's name, email address and this copyright notice on
  all the copies. If you make any changes or additions to this document
  then you should intimate all the authors of this document.

  (QlƂĒ쌠ɊւLq̖ȉɎ܂A͂܂ŎQ
  lł̂Ŏۂ̒쌠Ɋւ鎖͌̋Lqɏ]ĂB)

  쌠̕j LDP(Linux Documentation Project) ɂ GNU/GPL Ɋ
  ܂Bǉ̐ - ҖA҂ E [AhXAĂ̒
  ɊւRgׂĂ̕ɋLq邱 - łB̃hL
  gɕύXǉꍇ́ÃhLĝׂĂ̒҂ɒm点Ă
  B

  11.  {ɂ

  {hLǧ LDP <http://www.linuxdoc.org/> ɂ܂BĔz
  zɂĂ Copyright ̌QƂĂB

  {hLg|󂷂ہAJF-Project ̃o[̕X葽̏
  AwEȂǂ𒸂܂̂łɏЉ܂B

  |ɋ͂ĂX(50)

  o  쓈 ΂

  o  U Ti

  o  㓡 

  o  㓡 됰

  o  R NG

